BACKGROUND: The success of a combined periodontal and endodontic lesion depends on the elimination of both these disease processes. In the case of a combined endo-perio lesion, endodontic therapy results in healing of the endodontic component of involvement, while the prognosis of teeth would finally depend on the healing of the periodontal structure.
METHODS: This case report evaluates the efficacy of autologous fibrin glue and bone graft, that is, sticky bone in the management of bone defects associated with endo-perio lesion. The endo-perio lesion is first treated endodontically, followed by periodontal therapy. Conclusion: The patient was kept on follow-up for 9 months, and satisfactory results in terms of bone fill and reduction in pocket depth were obtained.
UNASSIGNED: The sticky bone enhances regeneration in treatment of endo-perio lesions.

BACKGROUND: Dental caries is a dynamic process. By using therapeutic agents, early, noncavitated lesions and caries limited to the enamel can be stopped or even remineralized. For the remineralization of the initial carious lesion, many nonfluoridated remineralizing agents were investigated.
OBJECTIVE: An observational study to assess the remineralizing efficacy of tricalcium phosphate (TCP), nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp) and ozone remineralizing agents on the artificial carious lesion.
METHODS: In this observational research, the artificial carious lesion was produced on extracted 40 premolar teeth. Later, remineralizing agents (Group A: nHAp, Group B: TCP, Group C: Ozone remineralizing agents, Group D: Control group (Deionized water) were used to remineralize demineralized teeth. Utilizing the Vickers Hardness Number, the level of demineralization and remineralization was assessed. Later these readings were statistically assessed using the Tukey\'s HSD (honestly significant difference) and ANOVA tests in SPSS version 21.0. The P value was set at 0.05 or less.
RESULTS: After demineralization, there was a decrease in enamel microhardness values, with 32% in Group A, 26% in Group B, 22% in Group C, and 21% in Group D, respectively. From the baseline to demineralization, there was a statistically significant decrease in microhardness across all groups. After remineralization, Groups A, B, and C experienced an increase in microhardness while Group D experienced no changes. This showed that Group A had the highest remineralization percentage, followed by Group B and Group C.
CONCLUSIONS: nHAp and TCP had the greater remineralizing ability, which can be used to manage initial carious lesions.

BACKGROUND: Measurement of dental caries is imperative for its prevention and control. The present study was conducted with the aim of developing a dental caries index that is reliable, reversible, and valid. A cross-sectional study was designed and conducted at the outreach dental clinics of a dental school in India.
METHODS: A total of 219 patients visiting outreach centres participated in the study. Patients attending outreach dental clinics aged 15 years and above, who were dentate and affected by dental caries, were included. Clinical examination was done under clinical conditions with dental chair lighting. Decayed Missing and Filled Teeth (DMFT) and Index of Caries Experience (ICE) were recorded using the visuo-tactile method according to the index criteria.
RESULTS: The relationship between the DMFT and ICE was determined. Results showed that the DMFT from ICE had good correlation. The decayed teeth index (DTI) score varied from decayed teeth (DT) according to age and sex. DTI was significantly higher for females than for males and higher among younger age groups than older ones, but DT did not exhibit the differences.
CONCLUSIONS: ICE is a new system in which the proviso is to measure the non-cavitated lesions and health of permanent dentition. DMFT and ICE have good correlation. DTI is more sensitive than the DT score.

OBJECTIVE: To compare preparation times using manual, rotary, and reciprocating files during pulpectomy treatment of primary molars.
METHODS: This study was an in vitro, randomised, cross-sectional study.
METHODS: The study was performed on 60 extracted human primary mandibular second molars. Only mesiobuccal canals were prepared using one of three preparation techniques; each preparation technique group comprised 20 canals. Canal preparations were performed by a single, skilled operator using stainless-steel (ss) K-files (ISO size 20-35), a ProTaper Gold SX file, and a WaveOne Gold Medium file following glide path preparation. Preparation times were recorded in second (s) with a digital stopwatch.
METHODS: Preparation times were compared using analysis of variance and the Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance, where appropriate. The level of significance was set at P ≤ 0.05.
RESULTS: The mean preparation time using the ss K-files was significantly longer (186.4 s) than when using the ProTaper Gold SX (29.6 s) or WaveOne Gold Medium files (30.5 s) (P < 0.001). Similar preparation times were recorded when using the ProTaper Gold SX and WaveOne Gold Medium files (P = 0.939).
CONCLUSIONS: Preparation times with the ProTaper Gold SX and WaveOne Gold Medium files were significantly faster than when using the ss K-files to prepare primary tooth root canals for pulpectomy. Similar preparation times were noted when using the rotary and reciprocation instrumentation groups (P > 0.05).

UNASSIGNED: Silver(I)-diammine fluoride (SDF) and silver(I)-fluoride (SF) complexes have been successfully employed for the arrest of dental caries for many years. However, to date there are very few studies available reporting on the molecular structural compositional and solution status of these agents [typically applied as highly-concentrated 38% (w/v) solutions]. Here, we explored the solution status and chemical constitution of commercially-available SDF and SF products, and secondly investigated the multicomponent interplay of these products with biomolecules present in intact human whole-mouth salivary supernatants (WMSSs) in vitro.
UNASSIGNED: High-resolution 19F NMR analysis was employed to explore SDF and SF product solutions, and to determine WMSS fluoride (F-) concentrations, whereas ammonia (NH3) release form SDF was tracked by 1H NMR spectroscopy. SEM and thin-film FTIR-ATR analyses were employed to explore the atomic and molecular compositions of sequentially-generated AgCl deposits and chromophoric Ag/AgCl nanoparticles (CSNPs); the time-dependent generation of the latter was followed spectrophotometrically.
UNASSIGNED: 19F NMR spectra of aqueous SF solutions contained a very broad F- signal (Δv1/2 70 Hz), demonstrating that much of its solvated F- content was rapidly exchanging with Ag(I) on the NMR timescale, but those of SDF had a much sharper resonance, similar to that of \"free\" F- (4 Hz). Moreover, further NMR results revealed that a popular SDF product contained high molar excesses of both F- and NH3. Treatment of WMSSs with SDF and SF generated an off-white precipitate, which slowly developed into CSNPs at 23°C; SEM demonstrated high contents of both silver and chloride in this material (ca.1:1 atomic content ratio). FTIR-ATR analysis found that the CSNPs formed contained a range of salivary biomolecules, which appear to encapsulate the Ag/AgCl core (significant thiocyanate contents were also found). In conclusion, NMR results acquired demonstrated that SF, but not SDF, product solutions feature rapidly-exchanging F - between its \"free\" and Ag(I)-bound forms, and that SDF contains large excesses of both F- and its NH3 ligands. Characterised AgCl deposits and CSNPs were sequentially produced from the interactions of these complexes with WMSS biomolecules.
UNASSIGNED: In view of their well-known microbicidal and cariostatic properties, the observed autobioconstruction of CSNPs involving salivary catalysis is of much therapeutic significance.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this in vitro study was to assess the efficiency of incorporating Biosilicate particles (30 and 50 mg) into an experimental orodispersible film and its efficacy in the remineralization process of bovine dental enamel under cariogenic and erosive challenges.
METHODS: Ninety-nine intact incisors, devoid of cracks or fractures, yielding 198 samples (6 × 6 × 2 mm) via vestibular sectioning using a low-speed diamond disc under water cooling. After flattening the enamel surface with 600, 1200, and 2000 grit sandpaper, the samples were divided into two groups based on the challenges they underwent: cariogenic (0.1 M lactic acid at pH 5.0) or erosive (0.05 M citric acid solution at pH 2.3). Samples from each challenge were further categorized into 11 groups (n = 9) according to the duration of cariogenic (3, 7, and 14 days) or erosive (3, 7, and 10 days) challenge, along with positive control groups (fragments untreated with challenges and treated with different Biosilicate concentrations) and negative controls (fragments treated with artificial saliva for the same periods established for cariogenic and erosive challenges). Treatments with orodispersible films containing Biosilicate (30 and 50 mg) were administered for 2 min per day for 15 days.
RESULTS: The highest remineralizing potential was observed in samples treated with Biosilicate after 14 days of cariogenic challenge, irrespective of the concentration tested. For samples subjected to erosive challenge, erosion time did not affect Biosilicate\'s remineralizing potential.
CONCLUSIONS: Biosilicate shows promise in terms of remineralizing potential in enamel subjected to cariogenic challenge due to its ability to form hydroxycarbonapatite in mineralized tissues.

Carbohydrates have a dietary role, but excessive consumption of high-calorie sugars can contribute to an increased incidence of metabolic diseases and dental caries. Recently, carbohydrates with sweetening properties and low caloric value, such as D-tagatose, have been investigated as alternative sugars. D-tagatose is a rare sugar that has nutritional and functional properties of great interest for health. This literature review presents an approach to the biological effects of D-tagatose, emphasizing its benefits for oral health. Studies report that D-tagatose has antioxidant and prebiotic effects, low digestibility, reduced glycemic and insulinemic responses, and the potential to improve the lipid profile, constituting an alternative for diabetes mellitus and obesity. It can also be observed that D-tagatose has an antioxidant action, favoring the elimination of free radicals and, consequently, causing a reduction in cellular oxidative stress. Furthermore, it also has antibacterial potential against oral species. Regarding oral health, studies have shown that D-tagatose efficiently reversed bacterial coaggregations, including periodontopathogenic species, and impaired the activity and growth of cariogenic bacteria, such as S. mutans. D-tagatose significantly inhibited biofilm formation, pH decrease and insoluble glucan synthesis in S. mutans cultures. Salivary S. mutans counts were also significantly reduced by the consumption of chewing gum containing D-tagatose and xylitol. In addition, there is evidence that tagatose is effective as an air-polishing powder for biofilm decontamination. The literature indicates that D-tagatose can contribute to the prevention of systemic diseases, also constituting a promising agent to improve oral health.

Background and objective: The aim of this randomized split-mouth study-controlled clinical trial was to compare the 2-year clinical performance of resin composite restorations placed at non-caries cervical lesions (NCCL) with one-step self-etch, total-etch, and selective enamel etch and self-etch adhesive techniques. Materials and methods: Thirty-two patients received three resin composite restorations each at NCCLs (Tetric EvoCeram/Ivoclar/Vivadent), bonded with a total-etch adhesive agent (ExciTE F/Ivoclar/Vivadent) and a self-etch (AdheSE One F/Ivoclar/Vivadent) without and with selective enamel etching. All restorations were evaluated by two examiners at baseline, 6-, 12-, 18-, and 24-months with FDI clinical criteria (post-operation regarding retention, caries occurrence, marginal adaptation, and marginal staining). A logistic regression analysis, a Cohen\'s kappa statistic, a multifactorial analysis, and X2 were performed with generalized estimating equations. Results: After 2 years, the retention rate was 86.8% for total etch, 92.26% for self-etch, and 93.63% for selective enamel etching and self-etch. No caries was detected on the restorations. Concerning marginal adaptation, the clinically perfect restorations were 26.9% for the total-etch technique, 16% for self-etch, and 25.9% for selective enamel etch and self-etch. The logistic regression model revealed that only time reduced the probability of perfect marginal adaptation. Conclusions: All three adhesive strategies provided restorations with no significant differences in the retention rate or marginal adaptation, whereas the total etch yielded better performance for marginal staining. All restorations were assessed as clinically acceptable after 2 years.

Background and Objectives: This study aims to bridge these gaps by utilizing data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013-2015), examining the nuanced associations between milk consumption\'s quantity, frequency, and type and the prevalence of dental caries. Materials and Methods: Utilizing data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013-2015), this study explores the association between milk consumption and the prevalence of dental caries in a sample of 4843 subjects (weighted n = 15,581), including 2856 males and 1987 females; weighted sample sizes were 6656 and 8925 for men and women, respectively. The prevalence of dental caries was assessed by evaluating the number of decayed, filled, and missing teeth. Results: The analysis demonstrated a significant positive association between increased milk consumption and the risk of developing dental caries, with an overall odds ratio of 1.653 (95% CI: 1.153-2.370, p < 0.05). The association was more pronounced in females, exhibiting an odds ratio of 1.865 (95% CI: 1.157-3.006, p < 0.05), and age was identified as a significant variable, particularly among participants aged 50 and above. In contrast, the relationship among the male group, though positive (odds ratio: 1.613, 95% CI: 0.991-2.625), was not statistically significant (p = 0.054). Conclusion: These findings suggest that milk consumption may be a potential risk indicator for dental caries, particularly among women, emphasizing the need for targeted dietary recommendations in dental health practices.

Background and Objectives: In teeth with open apices, performing single session apexification is a challenging treatment due to the difficulty in handling mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). Minimally invasive approaches in dentistry have also influenced the cavity designs in endodontics. Until now, different techniques have not been investigated in addition to manual condensation during the process of placing MTA in traditional (TradACs) or conservative (ConsACs) endodontic access cavities. The aim of this in vitro study was to compare and evaluate the obturation quality of MTA apical plugs placed with different techniques in TradACs or ConsACs. Materials and Methods: Sixty upper central teeth were divided into two main groups based on cavity design, and then each main group was further divided into three subgroups according to MTA placement techniques (n = 10): TradAC-manual, TradAC-manual + indirect ultrasonic activation, TradAC-manual + XP-endo Shaper (XPS), ConsAC-manual, ConsAC-manual + indirect ultrasonic activation, and ConsAC-manual + XPS. Subsequently, the porosity percentages in the MTA apical plug were analyzed using micro-computed tomography. The statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis H test and Mann-Whitney U test. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: There were differences in volume of porosity percentages (%) according to cavity designs and MTA application techniques (p < 0.05). Except for the XPS group, more porosity was observed in ConsACs compared to TradACs. In TradACs, the significantly lowest open and total porosity was observed in the manual, ultrasonic, and XPS techniques, respectively. In ConsACs, the significantly lowest porosity was observed in the manual, XPS, and ultrasonic techniques, respectively (p < 0.05). Conclusions: In MTA obturation, cavity designs and application techniques had an impact on the MTA porosity. Creating an apical plug in ConsACs may result in more porosity compared to TradACs, especially when manual or indirect ultrasonic activation is preferred. Opting for the manual technique alone may be considered sufficient for controlling porosity for both TradACs and ConsACs.